1. General
For general submission guidelines, see Submissions. On acceptance of articles, reviews, and other materials for publication, authors agree to conform with requirements as specified by Pennsylvania State University Press, the Chicago Manual of Style and NCS house style.
The documentation system used by NCS is what the Chicago Manual of Style calls “notes and bibliography” (17th ed., sec. 14.19, p. 751) as opposed to an “author-date system” such as the guidelines in the MLA Handbook. In NCS, all documentation is provided in notes, and works-cited lists are nowhere printed, nor do we print bibliographies unless called for by an article specifically intended as a review of research.
For example, whereas MLA recommends:
Brian Taves suggests some interesting conclusions regarding the philosophy and politics of the adventure film (153–54, 171).
backed up by an entry in a works-cited list that reads:
Taves, Brian. The Romance of Adventure. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1993.
NCS prefers:
Brian Taves suggests some interesting conclusions regarding the philosophy and politics of the adventure film.1
accompanied by a note that reads:
1. See Brian Taves, The Romance of Adventure (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993), 153–54, 171.
To take another example, when following strict author-date style, a quotation would be documented as follows:
Michel Foucault, for example, describes the discourse of confession as an “internal ruse,” an “immense labor to which the West has submitted generations in order to produce . . . men’s subjection” (1978, 60).
backed up by a reference-list entry that reads:
Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon.
NCS prefers:
Michel Foucault, for example, describes the discourse of confession as an “internal ruse,” an “immense labor to which the West has submitted generations in order to produce . . . men’subjection.”2
accompanied by a note that reads:
2. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 60.
2. Exceptions
In certain instances, it is permissible to give page numbers for certain primary sources in the text instead of in notes. Take, for example, an article on Villette. The first time the novel is quoted in the text, a note identifying the edition used should be provided:
1. Charlotte Brontë, Villette (1853), ed. Mark Lilly (New York: Penguin, 1979), 40 (chap. 6). Page (and chapter) numbers for subsequent quotations will be given parenthetically in the text.
Then, page numbers for subsequent quotations can be given in the text as follows:
Lucy insists that her “confession” is not a revelation of sin but simply the acknowledgement of her silent sufferings:“I said, I was perishing for a word of advice or an accent of comfort . . . . I had a pressure of affliction on my mind of which it would hardly any longer endure the weight” (p. 33 [chap. 5]).
It should be noted, however, that such a citation strategy is reserved for situations where only one or two texts, and a very large number of citations of each, are involved.
3. Inclusive Page Numbers
In NCS documentation provides inclusive page numbers, not just for journal articles, but also for essays in collections – for anything, in fact, that is a part of a larger whole (newspaper and magazine articles, forewords and afterwards, introductions and epilogues, etc.). If inclusive page numbers have not been provided in the version of the essay that is submitted for copyediting, they will be queried during the copyediting process.
As an example of documenting a quote, the note citation should be set up as follows (with inclusive page numbers first, then the page number for the quote):
3. Kate Lawson, “Reading Desire: Villette as Heretic Narrative,”English Studies in Canada 17 (March 1991): 53–71, 53.
4. Subsequent Citations
Subsequent citations of a work should use both the author’s last name and a short title. A subsequent citation of, for example, the Foucault book used as an example in sec. 1 above might read:
15. Foucault, History of Sexuality, 69.
While NCS style allows the use limited of ibid., it does not allow idem, op., cit., or loc. cit. Please note that ibid. can be used only to refer to a single work cited previously within the same note. It is no longer used to refer to the work cited page in the note immediately preceding (only to validate in electronic format) presentation. Ibid should never be used if more than one work is given in the proceeding information. Ibid. takes the place of both the author’s name and the title of the work as well as as much of the succeeding material as is identical. In limited cases it may, therefore, be used to repeat the complete proceeding citation.
5. Divisions within Works
Because not all readers are likely to have on hand the same edition of, say, David Copperfield, In Memoriam A.H.H., Past and Present, or Biographia Literaria that is cited in a particular NCS essay, the chapter, section, or other subdivision numbers should be supplied in the notes along with page numbers when documenting quotations from primary sources:
Charles Dickens, David Copperfield (1849-1850), ed. Trevor Blount (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), 49 (bk. 1, chap. 1).
Alfred Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam A.H.H. (1850), in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks (London: Longmans, Green, 1969), 907 (sec. 51, lines 5–8).
Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (1843), with an introduction by Douglas Jerrold (London: Dent/Everyman’s, 1960), 230 (bk. 4, chap. 1.).
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria; or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions (1817), ed., with an introduction by, George Watson (1956; reprint, with additions and corrections, London: Dent, 1974), 16–17 (vol. 1, chap. 2).
6. Secondhand References
NCS prefers to avoid secondhand references. As far as possible, quotations should be taken from original sources. And, even if the original source cannot be obtained, complete publication information for that original source should be provided, along with information about the source from which the citation is taken:
Anonymous account from L’Ami de la religion 151 (March 1851): 14, quoted in Joseph C. Sloane, Paul Marc Joseph Chenavard: Artist of 1848 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), 121.
7. Citation of Online Material
NCS would like to ensure that the documentation offered in its pages is as useful as possible for as long as possible. To that end, we request that our authors observe the following guidelines.
In cases in which both print and online versions of a primary or secondary source exist, an electronic citation alone will suffice if the reader can easily find the passage in question in the print version (e.g., alphabetized resources such as the DNB and the Encyclopedia Britannica):
On the significance of Jevons for economic thought, see Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Jevons, William Stanley,” http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9043592 (accessed 5 January 2006).
If a citation solely to an online version makes the passage in question difficult to find in the print version, a double citation is preferred, e.g.:
Sally Mitchell, Dinah Mulock Craik (Boston: Twayne, 1983), 110, available online at
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/craik/mitchell (accessed 7 January 2007).
In cases in which a text (especially a primary text) is available both in print and electronically but the presentations do not merely replicate one another, we must make a judgment about what form of citation best serves the reader. That choice should above all be governed by quality of editing and presentation, and authors should be prepared to justify their choice of sources, whether print or electronic. A legitimate component of that justification may be convenience, which often draws authors to free online sources. The benefit of convenience can, however, be illusory, especially when a link comes up dead. ,Quality of editing being equal, sources can be cited solely in electronic or solely in print form, as long as chapter (or other subdivision) numbers are supplied, enabling the reader to find the passage in question easily enough in any form. If the source is not conveniently provided, then the citation of both electronic and print sources is helpful.
8. Samples
NCS follows Chicago Manual style for the documentation provided in notes. Samples of the more common types of entries follow. Further guidance may be obtained by consulting secs. 14.72-305, pp. 789-890 of the 17th edition..
8.1 Journal Articles
Jean M. Humez, “‘Ye Are My Epistles’: The Construction of Ann Lee Imagery in Early Shaker Sacred iterLature,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 8, no. 1 (summer 1992): 83–103.
Wayne C. Booth, “Amateur Pleasures,” Daedalus, no. 73 (March 1999): 21–37. [for journals that carry issue numbers instead of volume numbers]
8.2 Magazine/Newspaper Articles
Charles Hopkins, “The Shakers,” Regenerator 1 (8 February 1841): 116–17.
Nathan Lane, “At Home with Irene Ryan,” Newsweek, 14 May 1973, 77–79.
Bob Woodward, “A Decade After Nixon,” Washington Post, 27 September 1984, A2, A10– A12
8.3 Essays in Collections
David Brion Davis, “The American Family and Boundaries in Historical Perspective,” in Dying or Developing? The American Family, 1660–1960, ed. David Reiss and Howard A. Hoffman (New York: Plenum, 1979), 1–20.
8.4 Books
Stephen J. Stein, The Shaker Experience in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
Alfred Sisley, Selected Letters, ed. Franz Kline (New York: International, 1978).
Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (1961), trans. Richard Howard (New York: Pantheon, 1965; reprint, London: Routledge, 2001).
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (1983; rev. ed., London: Verson, 1991).
Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson Forbes, 10 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909-14).
S.T. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate, vol. 7 of The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Kathleen Coburn (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983).
8.5 Letters
William Wordsworth to Joseph Cottle, London, 29 June 1799, in The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, ed. Ernest de Selincourt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 42.
8.6 Conference Papers, Dissertations, Etc.
James Clark, “The Orangery at Kew” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Modern Language Association, New Orleans, 29 December 2001).
Toby Jenkins, “Serialized Fiction in Household Words” (paper presented at the conference “New Directions in Victorian Fiction,” Georgetown University, 17 February 1996).
James Worthington, “The Last Years of the Oxford Movement” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, Department of English, 1988).
N.W. Claiborne, “An Anatomy of Nineteenth-Century Fiction” (Columbia University, Department of English, 2001, typescript). [i.e., for an unpublished manuscript, a date and the author’s institutional affiliation should be provided]
9. Dates
9.1 Supplying Dates of People, Works, Events, Etc.
Because NCS is a period journal and interdisciplinary – publishing in areas such as art history in which dates are crucial for identifying works under discussion – we routinely identify life dates of nineteenth-century figures and dates of works and events. Context determines what dates are cited – of composition or publication, in the case of literary works; of composition, first performance, or publication, in the case of musical works; of design, erection, and/or destruction, in the case of buildings – so long as the choice is made clear and relevant.
9.2 Form of Cited Dates
NCS gives dates in the order day, month, year, (not month, day, year), e.g.:
28 January 1956.
10. Foreign-Language Quotations
In essays concerned more than in passing with sources in languages other than English, NCS requires to quote both in the original and in translation. We leave the order to the author’s discretion, literary analysis perhaps awarding primacy to the original, with the translation following. Whichever order is followed, the basic forms follow.
10.1 English Translation in Text, Original-Language in Note
For example, at the end of En route, Durtal claims: “I am condemned to live apart from my fellows, for I am still too much of a literary man to make a monk, and yet I am already too much of a monk to remain among literary men.”14
14. “[E]t me voici condamné à vivre dépareillé, car je suis encore trop homme de lettres pour faire un moine et je suis cependant déjà trop moine pour rester parmi less gens de lettres” (J.-K. Huysmans, En route [Paris: Plon, 1961], 380 [chap. 9]).
10.2 Both Translation and Original-Language Version in Text
A) Independent Clauses
Already in Fontenay, he remembers his previous abode and, in particular, an ornament he had attached to the ceiling in order to be reminded of his unfortunate childhood at Lourps: “Thus, out of loathing and contempt for his childhood, he had hung from the ceiling of this room a little cage of silver wire, in which a captive cricket sang, just as the crickets had sung among the cinders and on the hearths of the Château de Lourps” (AN, 10 [chap. 1]). (“Ainsi, par haine, par mépris de son enfance, il avait pendu au plafond de cette pièce une petite cage en fil d’argent ou un grillon enfermé chantait comme dans les cendres des cheminées du château de Lourps” [Ar, 69-70].)
B) Non-independent Clauses
There remains only one visible proof of continuity, the portrait of “an inscrutable, wily face, its features lifeless and drawn, with cheekbones accentuated by a dash of rouge, thickly pomaded hair intertwined with pearls, and a taut, white-painted neck emerging from the goffers of a highly starched ruff” (AN, 3; “une tête mystérieuse et rusée aux traits morts et tirés, aux pommettes ponctuées d’une virgule de fard, aux cheveux gommés et enroulés de perles, au col tendu et peint, sortant des cannelures d’une rigide fraise” [Ar, 61]).
C) Quotations Long Enough to Be Set off As Extracts
. . . Descriptions of life with the parents are rendered literally obscure by an obstinate use of dim light and limited movement accentuated by theatrically deliberate posing:
[H]is mother he remembered as lying motionless in a dark room
in the Château de Lourps. Only rarely did husband and wife meet,
and of those occassions he recalled lacklustre encounters, with the
father and the mother seated opposite one other before a table lit
only by a lamp with a large, very deep shade. (AN, 4).
([S]a mère il se la rappelait, immobile et couchée, dans une chambre
obscure du château de Lourps. Rarement,le mari et la femme étaient
réunis, et de ces jours-là, il se remémorait des entrevues décolorées,
le père et la mère assis, en face l’un de l’autre, devant un guéridon qui
était seul éclairé par une lampe au grand abat-jour très baissé. [Ar, 62])
Des Esseintes’s biological affinities with his parents significantly undermined, the possibility of intellectual kinship is entirely rejected owing to a serious lack of communication . . . .
10.3 Both Translation and Original-Language Version in Notes
A) Translation in the Body Proper of a Note, Original-language Text in Parentheses Following Documentation
Daniel Grojnowski notes: “[Des Esseintes] applies himself to the transformation of his entire existence into a work of art. He fashions it as such, isolated from the world, autonomous, and posits it as a full-fledged reality: a devised reality, a written reality, which readjusts the declaration of faith of ‘The Experimental Novel’” (Le Sujet d’ “A rebours” [Villeneuve d’Ascq (Nord): Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1996], 96–97; “[Des Esseintes] s’applique . . . à faire de son existence tout entière une oeuvre d’art. Il l’élabore comme telle, coupée du monde extérieur, autonome, et il la pose comme un réel à part entière: réalité concertée, réalité écrite qui réajuste les professions de foi du Roman expérimental”).
B) Note Consisting of Nothing but Translation and Original
18. “His family hardly paid him any attention; sometimes his father would visit him at his boarding school: ‘Hallo, goodbye, be a good boy, work hard.’ He spent the summer holidays at the Château de Lourps; his presence did not disturb his mother’s reveries; she seemed barely conscious of his presence, or else might watch him for a few seconds with an almost painful smile on her face, then disappear once again into the artificial night with which the thick casemet curtains shrouded the room” (AN, 4 [prologue]). (“Sa famille se préoccupait peu de lui; parfois son père venait le visiter au pensionnat: ‘Bonjour, bonsoir, sois sage et travaille bien.’ Aux vacances, l’ été, il partait pour le château de Lourps; sa présence ne tirait pas sa mère de ses rêveries; elle l’apercevait à peine, ou le contemplait, pendant quelques secondes, avec un sourire presque douloreux, puis elle s’absorbait de nouveau dans la nuit factice dont les épais rideaux des croisées enveloppaient la chambre.” [Ar, 62–63].)
C) English Translation Given in the Text Is Not the Author’s, but One Taken from Another Source, and the One Given in the Note Is Not Taken from the Original, but from a Secondary Source
98. Chenavard quoted in Sloane, Chenavard, 73–74 (“Panthéon vraiment fraternal qui s’ouvrirait devant les grands hommes de toutes les nations et de tous les temps” [Chenavard quoted in Alexis Bertrand, “Le Mouvement sociologique: Art et sociologie d’après les lettres inédites de Paul Chenavard,” Archives d’anthropologie criminelle, de medicine, et de psychologie normale et pathologique, 15 July 1911, 525–49, 533]).
11. Reviews
11.1 Style for Review Headers
Please follow the order of bibliographic information in the sample below. Page-number counts include prefatory unnumbered or roman-numeral numbered material plus arabic-numbered main text. Count the number of black-and-white and/or color illustrations and other figures such as tables. Current book prices can be found on publishers’ websites.
Family Fictions and Family Facts: Harriet Martineau, Adolphe Quetelet, and the Population Question in England, 1798–1859. By Brian P. Cooper. New York: Routledge, 2007. Pp. viii + 294. 3 black-and-white illustrations and 7 tables. $130.00 (cloth).